智能化44点啤酒发酵温度巡测仪

本文将八十年代最新研制的集成温度传感器ＡＤ５９０、８０９０单片机，可编程逻辑器件ＧＡＬ－１６Ｖ８Ａ等新器件及智能化新技术，集中应用于啤酒发酵过程的温度检测。与传统人工测温相比，具有测温精度高、稳定性好、反应快、可远距离自动检测、定时打印，减轻工人劳动强度、调节啤酒发酵温度的响应速度快等特点。     

切削刀具倒棱刃口挤压力的理论计算

根据试验观察．揭出了刀具刃口带负倒棱时的切削模型。在此模型中,刀具刃口 存在一个“金属死区”。以新模型为基础．采用能量法,对高温、高应变率下刀具刃 口的挤压力进行了理论计算。所做工作的特点是：１）在材料变形分析中计入了挤压 层金属绕过刀具刃口时的过剩变形;２）进行有关材料变形与物理特性的计算时,考 虑了温度与应变率的影响。利用新研制的压电式切削测力仪进行验证试验,其结果表 明,理论计算值与实测数据较好一致。     

The induction of secondary seed dormancy by oxygen deficiency in a barnyard grassEchinochloa crus-galli

At 25°C, secondary dormancy was induced in seeds ofE. crus-galli exposed for 100 days to oxygen deficiency. By contrast, hypoxia did not induce dormancy at 15°C or prevent dormancy termination at 7°C. Secondary dormancy was terminated after 2 months stratification at 7°C. Oxygen deficiency may increase the proportion of dormant seeds in the soil, and affect the dynamics of the barnyard-grass soil seed bank.We thank Miss Jitka Králová for her excellent technical assistance.     

Internal interactions within the human circadian system: the masking effect

Summary In the realm of human circadian rhythms, the masking effect is defined as the change in the course of deep body temperature induced by changes in the degree of physical activity, or by the alteration between sleep and wake. This effect is particularly obvious during internal desynchronization where the rhythms of deep body temperature, and the sleep-wake sleep-wake sleep cycle — i.e. one of the masking factors — run with different periods.Every sleep onset is accompanied by a rapid drop, and wake onset by a rapid rise in deep body temperature, each one with an overshoot of about 50% of the steady state variations. When rhythms are calculated, with the dominant temperature period as the screening period, exclusively from data obtained during sleep episodes, on the one hand, and from those obtained exclusively during wake, on the other, two average cycles emerge: the sleep temperature curve and the wake temperature curve. Both run in parallel but are separated by the masking effcct. As derived from many experiments, the mean masking effect amounts to 0.28±0.06°C. The masking effect also depends to some extent on the phase of the temperature rhtthm; it is larger than average around the temperature maximum and during the descending phase of the temperature cycle, where the alertness commonly is highest and the probability to sleep, in general, and the REM sleep propensity, in particular, are smaller than average. This also can be interpreted to indicate that the sleep temperature curve is phase advanced relative to the wake temperature curve; this, on the average, by 0.9±0.3 h.If the individually determined amount of masking is added to the temperature data obtained during sleep, or substracted from the temperature data obtained during wake, a temperature curve emerges that can be though of as being purified of the masking effect. Analyses of this artificial curve allow estimation of that part of the internal interactions uninfluenced by the masking effect. On the average, about half of the amount of interaction between the rhythm of sleep-wake and that of deep body temperature is explained by the masking effect, whereas the other half is oscillatory interaction. Both types of interaction are inherent and inseparable parts of the circadian clock mechanism, as can be deduced from model considerations.     

钢坯磨削温度的若干试验研究

通过使用“可磨式”人工热电偶进行的不同条件下的磨削温度测量试验研究了钢坯磨削工件表层温度,结果表明钢坯被磨削表层温度分布与热强呈三角形分布时的理论分析结果相同,表层峰值温度随磨削压力及磨削功率增大而提高,且随工件进给速度提高而略有降低,峰值温度还随磨削角度减小而提高,90°磨削的峰值温度比0°磨削要低250℃左右,砂轮种类也对峰值温度有重要影响,使用锆刚玉砂轮时磨削温度低于棕刚玉砂轮,试验结果表明高效钢坯磨削的磨削区温度远比普通磨削为高,可达1200℃左右,还从不同方面探讨了磨削高温对钢坯磨削的影响,认为尽管磨削高温有若干不利影响,但对高效钢坯磨削却是重要条件,上述讨论,从一个方面揭示了钢坯磨削机理,并验证了关于钢坯磨削温度的理论分析结果。     

Photoperiodic summation is temperature-dependent inPyrrhocoris apterus (L.) (Heteroptera)

Summary InPyrrhocoris apterus, a low temperature, 15°C, prevented the termination of diapause by long days and, unexpectedly, also the induction of diapause by short days. Both responses were enabled at a higher temperature, 26°C. In contrast to current concepts, it was proved that the summation of photoperiodic signals was temperature-dependent, since the morphogenetic development was prevented by starvation.     

涂层对热电偶热电性能及大气中寿命的影响

在难熔金属热电偶表而施加涂层的目的,旨在使原仅限和真空、中性及还原气氛中测量的热电偶能在大气中使用.本文讨论涂层对难熔金属热电偶在氧化气氛的"热电势—温度","热电势—时间"的关系及其寿命的影响.具有涂层的W/M.热电偶在氧化气氛(常压下1500℃取得263小时±1%t的最高记录,而W-Re热电偶存1500℃试验的前70小时偏差也在1%t内.而没有涂层的热电偶仅支持数分钟便破坏.     

泵闸混凝土施工期智能温控关键信息识别

为实现施工期大体积混凝土温控要素的智能快速识别,提高智能温控系统的反馈及预测模型精度,提出了一套智能算法对物联网技术采集到的各类温控要素原始测值进行识别及转化。针对浇筑温度、浇筑时间、最高温度、内外温差、冷却通水起止时间与表面保温覆盖等施工期关键温控参数,结合工程经验分别给出相应识别任务的判定逻辑并编写对应程序,然后应用多个实际工程数据进行验证,并分析各识别功能的准确率。验证结果表明,本文算法识别效果良好,能够实现温控要素采集的自动化、智能化、快速化、精准化,具有较强的工程实用价值。     

基于温湿廓线反演的风云三号D星微波探测仪云区资料同化试验

为了探究云区卫星微波资料的同化应用,利用中国风云三号D星(Fengyun-3D,FY-3D)微波温度计二型(microwave temperature sounder-2,MWTS2)和微波湿度计二型(microwave humidity sounder-2, MWHS2)资料,基于人工神经网络算法研制了云区温湿廓线反演模型,建立了云区资料的间接同化方案。于2019年6月开展晴空和云区同化试验,评估加入云区MWTS2和MWHS2资料对区域模式预报的影响。试验结果表明：MWTS2和MWHS2资料的同化对温湿度预报场有改善,主要体现在模式中高层均方根误差和平均偏差的减小,云区同化的改善幅度比晴空同化更大;同化MWTS2和MWHS2资料对于提高降水预报技巧有积极影响,云区同化对降水预报的改善主要体现在同化后的12～24 h,较晴空同化更明显。针对强降水个例分析表明,MWTS2和MWHS2资料对温度场、湿度场、水汽通量散度场的调整有利于降水预报的改善,而云区同化能够直接对天气系统的初始场进行调整,降水的位置与强度预报效果更好。     

多孔氧化铝陶瓷内高温流体的流动及传热特性

通过仿真模拟的方法研究了模拟烟气、水蒸气及含尘烟气三类高温流体在多孔氧化铝陶瓷材料内的流动及传热特性。结果表明:随孔隙率增大,流体平均流速加快,流体进出口温降逐渐减小。三类流体中,水蒸气流速最大,在最大孔隙率下其流速达到66.64 m/s;烟气温降最显著,当孔隙率为0.3时,其进出口温差达到最大值85.6 K。随压差的增大,流体流速加快,其中受粉煤灰颗粒影响的含尘烟气流速增幅较小,流速仅从0.23 m/s增至0.93 m/s;另一方面,压差增大导致流体与壁面的热传导减少,模型内流体温降减小。含尘烟气流体扰动较大,当增大孔隙率和压差时,流速呈线性增长;尽管粉煤灰颗粒的存在强化了传热,但流体分子间的相互作用使得含尘烟气温度变化显著。